In text Citation - APA Style

This time I will be summarizing some important APA rules in acknowledging sources and authors within the text of the manuscript. Previous entries were dealing with citations in the "References" or "Bibliography" section.

APA format of intext is generally follows an Author-Date format. This style of citation briefly identifies the source for readers and enables them to locate the source of information in the alphabetical reference list at the end of the article. Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list, and each entry in the reference list must be cited in text. Make certain that each source referenced appears in both places and that the text citation and reference list entry are identical in spelling of author names and year (American Psychological Association (APA), 2009).

One Work by One Author

Jones (2003) found out that even...
Several methods may help the patient feel better but none of them is generally safe (Jones, 2003)
In 2003, Jones' study on bereavement described that...

If the name of the author is part of the narrative in a paragraph, the year need not appear in subsequent non-parenthetical citations. Although it should always be included in parenthetical citations no matter how many times it does appear (APA, 2009).

Jones (2003) found out that even though patients do not verbally......Jones also stated that it is always....The result also signifies an increase in the readmission rate of schizophrenic patients within this category (Jones, 2003).

One work by multiple author

When a work has two authors, cite both names every time the reference occurs in text. When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. ( with a period after al) and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph. Omit year (after et al.) if it will be the subsequent citation within a paragraph (APA, 2009).

First citation: Bali, Luwag, and Postrer (1989) state that...(first citation in text)
Subsequent citations: Bali et al. (1989) state that...(next paragraphs)

When a work has six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al (with a period after al) and the year for the first and subsequent citations (APA, 2009).

Groups as Authors

The names of groups that serve as authors (e.g., corporations, associations, government agencies, and study groups) are usually spelled out each time they appear in a text citation. The names of some group authors are spelled out in the first citation and abbreviated thereafter. In deciding whether to abbreviate the name of a group author, use the general rule that you need to give enough information in the text citation for the reader to locate the entry in the reference list without difficulty. If the name is long and cumbersome and if the abbreviation is familiar or readily understandable, you may abbreviate the name in the second and subsequent citations. If the name is short or if the abbreviation would not be readily understandable, write out the name each time it occurs (APA, 2009).
Check how I cited APA in this entry.

May Bukas Pa ends

"May Bukas Pa" was a phenomenal series. I'm a fan. Its just that the writers had scripted the finale in a way that's too formulaic. It could have been better. Something unique. Something like the series itself - beyond the usual pinoy soap. But its sad that they made the finale the usual way...tsk!!!

Some Tips to Make a Good Introduction of a Research Manuscript

One of the biggest problem in creating a manuscript for research proposal is finding a suitable problem. But even if a problem is already apparent, it would still seem difficult to convince people (most often your instructor and adviser) that a problem is worth the effort for a study. And one way to solve such is to make a really good and convincing introduction.

Before writing an introduction, the following must be considered, (as suggested in the APA handbook 6th edition):

1. Why is the problem important?
2. How does the study relate to previous work in the area? If other aspects of this study have been reported previously, how does this report differ from, and build on, the earlier report?
3. What are the primary and secondary hypotheses and objectives of the study, and what, if any, are the links to theory?
4. How do the hypotheses and research design relate to one another?
5. What are the theoretical and practical implications of the study?

An introduction could answer these questions in few paragraphs. You might have several background studies and related literature to answer item #2, but presenting them in few passages as possible is better in order to have the reader get a firm sense of those. Do not feel compelled to exhaustively include all accounts. Always remember that you are making an "introduction". Save the rest in the RRL section.

It is also good to list all relevant topics that might be included as your research will progress, and create a concept map or outline that shows their relationship to one another. This will help you in organizing and arranging these topics. Although not a rule of the thumb, introducing the core of the problem (question #1) at the later part of the introduction would create a better impact, provided that you have presented the background (#2) well. Questions #3 to #5 would then support the relevance of the problem after it is introduced.

Citation of and specific credit to relevant earlier works are signs of scientific and scholarly responsibility and are essential for the growth of a cumulative science (APA, 2009). Therefor, you should see to it that factual statements in your introduction are derived from trusted sources. If there are statements in your manuscript that reflects your opinion or observation, it would be best if they are supported with related theories and literature, to establish that these are plausible - which would further be proven as you continue with the entire research process.

How to Cite Books, Chapters, Reports in APA Style..

This is a continuation of the previous entry on APA citation. Still taken from APA Publication Manual 6th edition.

General Form
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

One Author
Alexie, S. (1992). The business of fancydancing: Stories and poems. Brooklyn, NY: Hang Loose Press.

Corporate Author with an Edition and Published by the Corporate Author
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Anonymous Author
Dorland’s illustrated medical dictionary (31st ed.). (2007). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.

Chapter in a Book
Booth-LaForce, C., & Kerns, K. A. (2009). Child-parent attachment relationships, peer relationships, and peer-group functioning. In K. H. Rubin, W. M. Bukowski, & B. Laursen (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (pp. 490-507). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

(Note: Succeding lines of entries are indented. Comment with your mail for a copy of the manual.)

How to Cite Journal, Magazine, and Newspaper References in APA style

Many styles of citing references and documentation are used by many authors and publishers. We got Turabian, ACS, Chicago, MLA, APA, and more. I will be discussing here the American Psychological Association (APA) style. APAs latest Publication Manual (6th Edition) was released last July 2009. But the downside is, the book contains some 19 pages of errors. Anyway, the publisher issued some correction in their blog, which, when I came to read, made it more confusing. So let's skip it. The errors are not really major items, at least for me.


There has been a lot of changes and differences of the APA style since the 5th edition. Most of the pages and sites that I have visited which summarize the necessary points of the APA style still follow the 5th edition format, which was published last 2001.


Here are some of the commonly used APA citation rule, taken from the 6th edition.


JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, NEWSPAPERS IN PRINT FORMAT
General Form

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, xx, xxx-xxx.

NOTE: The journal title and the volume number are in italics. Issue numbers are not required if the journal is continuously paged. If paged individually, the issue number is required and is in regular type in parentheses adjacent to the volume number.

One Author
Baywang, E. J. (2007). Mind Mapping: Improving Oral Participation in Class. Teen Education, 53(12), 40-45.

Two to Seven Authors [List all authors]
Mamords, H. W., Baki, T. R., & Cox, M. E. (2000). Approaching Senior Year: A Process of adjustment to near professional life. The Teen Journal, 81, 453-484.

Eight or More Authors [List the first six authors, … and the last author]
Wallop, S. A., Bultig, S. G., Maya-maya, I. N., Ten, J.-Y., Bangkaw, D., Dila, L.,...Grinich, W. A. (2000). An evaluation of patient-controlled therapy patterned to Roy's Adaptation theory. Pulantubig Journal of Nursing, 68, 843-856.

Magazine Article
Mathews, J., Markus, D., & San Juan, D. (2009, February 16). Generation X today. Newsmonth, 145(20), 58-59.

Newspaper Article with No Author and Discontinuous Pages
Light of the World. (2001, August 5). The Dumaguete Times, pp. A1, A4.

(Note: all succeding lines are indented.)

ACECAD DigiMemo A502 - A great tool for notetaking

I hate writing notes. For real. Not because of the writing itself but because I am not good in keeping them - the papers. I tend to put them anywhere which usually are places very difficult for me to remember. I prefer to put information in my flash drive instead. But its easier to remember what you have written than what you have typed. There are many tools that enables you to scribble notes and store them as digital data, but the thing is, you are writing blindly. These tools make you write using a stylus with no ink on a pad that's not a paper. It kills the comfort of note taking using a pen on a smooth surface - a paper.

Frustration made me search the web for something that will enable me to write notes on a paper using an ink pen, and still store these notes digitally so that I will not loose them. And behold - I just recently read about DigiMemo. Exactly what I need.

The DigiMemo A502 is a stand-alone device with storage capability that digitally captures and stores everything you write or draw with ink on ordinary paper, without the use of computer and special paper. Then you can easily view, edit, organize and share your handwritten notes in Windows. You take notes, connect the device to your PC, edit your notes (it comes with OCR software), and save or send them via bluetooth or email. So convenient, it made me decide to get it right away.

The thing is, I can't seem to find (in the web) a store or person nearby, that is, in Philippines, who sells this product at a cheaper price. Well the tag is marked around Php5 grand. Quite a sum to save. But I'm sure I'm gonna get one. Someday. lol.

Yawning is good..

For you - but not to the person in front of you, well at least. Its already a common view that yawning is not a pleasant manner, especially for teachers, lecturers or presenters who will see their audience opening their mouths so wide like a fish anticipating a bait in a hook. But what good does yawning bring?

Well for one, it makes our brain tick. We yawn because we are sleepy, and we don't want to sleep - yet. Researchers from University of Albany found out that yawning cools the brain cells - that's after using 33% of our calories thus generating amount of heat. It makes the brain tick and become more efficient by increasing cerebral blood flow. And they suggest we’re biologically hard-wired to yawn to stay alert and protect ourselves from danger(1).

So when you feel sleepy, yawn. It keeps us awake. But make it a private matter. Let's cover our mouth or turn sideways. Only few people, if any, will be happy to know that you are sleep, or feel like being engulf by you when you start to open your mouth widely as to expose your uvula.

Heralds of Care - Essay Writing Contest on Nursing

The Commission on Filipino Overseas (CFO) is having an essay writing contest on the topic "Heralds of Care: reflections on the Filipino nursing legacy of caring for the country and the world.". It is open to all "Filipino writers, students, professionals and other interested parties of all ages" - technically to ALL.

Entries should be between 2,000 to 4,000 words, and must be original (of course), written in English or Filipino (wait, can they have the title expressed in Filipino, please..hehe..). Anybody can send as many entries as they want (drain your brains).

And here's the good part. Ten winners will receive a prize of P10,000.00 each.. Nice!!!. A good way of expressing and earning. For more info, contest rules and entry form, please refer to the contest page on the CFO website.

Dumaguete Schools all soar in Nov 2009 NLE

Hooray!!!!! for Dumaguete....

A Big Bang for four Universities in Dumaguete. St. Paul University Dumaguete, Silliman University, Foundation University and Negros Oriental State University all clinched top spots in their respective categories on the recently released November 2009 NLE Results.

NORSU reaped their first gold in when all of their 17 first takers successfully passed the exam, technically making them the Top 1 performing school for the less than 30 examinees category. SPUD is Top 4 and FU is Top 8 in the 30-99 Category with 88.57% and 78.31% passing respectively. SU clinched the Top 5 spot in the 100 or more category with a rate of 96.42%.

With the National Passing Average of , the result really reflects the good quality of nursing education that the students in Dumaguete receive.

Click on the thumbnail to view full image.
Click on the link for complete lists of school performance..