Just today I was searching for literature and guides that would help me analyze my thesis, which is a qualitative study. I was so surprised and somehow blessed that I came to notice two softwares specifically designed for qualitative data analysis. I maybe a little late in knowing this, but its just so amazing, knowing that qualitative data analysis is quite rigorous and doesn't have definite format or rules. But anyway, that's what the developers of this two platforms - NVivo and QDA Miner - are saying: they are intended for qualitative data analysis. I have known the existence of some quantitative data analysis softwares for long: AcaStat, SPSS, and other Spreadsheet platforms, but little did I know that these two exist. Anyways, I am still on the process of acquiring and testing NVivo. Hope it really does well. Will post my review sooner.
NVivo and QDA Miner - Qualitative Data Analysis Softwares
In text Citation - APA Style
APA format of intext is generally follows an Author-Date format. This style of citation briefly identifies the source for readers and enables them to locate the source of information in the alphabetical reference list at the end of the article. Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list, and each entry in the reference list must be cited in text. Make certain that each source referenced appears in both places and that the text citation and reference list entry are identical in spelling of author names and year (American Psychological Association (APA), 2009).
One Work by One Author
Jones (2003) found out that even...
Several methods may help the patient feel better but none of them is generally safe (Jones, 2003)
In 2003, Jones' study on bereavement described that...
If the name of the author is part of the narrative in a paragraph, the year need not appear in subsequent non-parenthetical citations. Although it should always be included in parenthetical citations no matter how many times it does appear (APA, 2009).
Jones (2003) found out that even though patients do not verbally......Jones also stated that it is always....The result also signifies an increase in the readmission rate of schizophrenic patients within this category (Jones, 2003).
One work by multiple author
When a work has two authors, cite both names every time the reference occurs in text. When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. ( with a period after al) and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph. Omit year (after et al.) if it will be the subsequent citation within a paragraph (APA, 2009).
First citation: Bali, Luwag, and Postrer (1989) state that...(first citation in text)
Subsequent citations: Bali et al. (1989) state that...(next paragraphs)
When a work has six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al (with a period after al) and the year for the first and subsequent citations (APA, 2009).
Groups as Authors
The names of groups that serve as authors (e.g., corporations, associations, government agencies, and study groups) are usually spelled out each time they appear in a text citation. The names of some group authors are spelled out in the first citation and abbreviated thereafter. In deciding whether to abbreviate the name of a group author, use the general rule that you need to give enough information in the text citation for the reader to locate the entry in the reference list without difficulty. If the name is long and cumbersome and if the abbreviation is familiar or readily understandable, you may abbreviate the name in the second and subsequent citations. If the name is short or if the abbreviation would not be readily understandable, write out the name each time it occurs (APA, 2009).
Check how I cited APA in this entry.
Some Tips to Make a Good Introduction of a Research Manuscript
One of the biggest problem in creating a manuscript for research proposal is finding a suitable problem. But even if a problem is already apparent, it would still seem difficult to convince people (most often your instructor and adviser) that a problem is worth the effort for a study. And one way to solve such is to make a really good and convincing introduction.
Before writing an introduction, the following must be considered, (as suggested in the APA handbook 6th edition):
1. Why is the problem important?
2. How does the study relate to previous work in the area? If other aspects of this study have been reported previously, how does this report differ from, and build on, the earlier report?
3. What are the primary and secondary hypotheses and objectives of the study, and what, if any, are the links to theory?
4. How do the hypotheses and research design relate to one another?
5. What are the theoretical and practical implications of the study?
An introduction could answer these questions in few paragraphs. You might have several background studies and related literature to answer item #2, but presenting them in few passages as possible is better in order to have the reader get a firm sense of those. Do not feel compelled to exhaustively include all accounts. Always remember that you are making an "introduction". Save the rest in the RRL section.
It is also good to list all relevant topics that might be included as your research will progress, and create a concept map or outline that shows their relationship to one another. This will help you in organizing and arranging these topics. Although not a rule of the thumb, introducing the core of the problem (question #1) at the later part of the introduction would create a better impact, provided that you have presented the background (#2) well. Questions #3 to #5 would then support the relevance of the problem after it is introduced.
Citation of and specific credit to relevant earlier works are signs of scientific and scholarly responsibility and are essential for the growth of a cumulative science (APA, 2009). Therefor, you should see to it that factual statements in your introduction are derived from trusted sources. If there are statements in your manuscript that reflects your opinion or observation, it would be best if they are supported with related theories and literature, to establish that these are plausible - which would further be proven as you continue with the entire research process.
How to Cite Books, Chapters, Reports in APA Style..
This is a continuation of the previous entry on APA citation. Still taken from APA Publication Manual 6th edition.
General Form
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
One Author
Alexie, S. (1992). The business of fancydancing: Stories and poems. Brooklyn, NY: Hang Loose Press.
Corporate Author with an Edition and Published by the Corporate Author
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Anonymous Author
Dorland’s illustrated medical dictionary (31st ed.). (2007). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
Chapter in a Book
Booth-LaForce, C., & Kerns, K. A. (2009). Child-parent attachment relationships, peer relationships, and peer-group functioning. In K. H. Rubin, W. M. Bukowski, & B. Laursen (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (pp. 490-507). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
(Note: Succeding lines of entries are indented. Comment with your mail for a copy of the manual.)
How to Cite Journal, Magazine, and Newspaper References in APA style
There has been a lot of changes and differences of the APA style since the 5th edition. Most of the pages and sites that I have visited which summarize the necessary points of the APA style still follow the 5th edition format, which was published last 2001.
Here are some of the commonly used APA citation rule, taken from the 6th edition.
JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, NEWSPAPERS IN PRINT FORMAT
General Form
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, xx, xxx-xxx.
NOTE: The journal title and the volume number are in italics. Issue numbers are not required if the journal is continuously paged. If paged individually, the issue number is required and is in regular type in parentheses adjacent to the volume number.
One Author
Baywang, E. J. (2007). Mind Mapping: Improving Oral Participation in Class. Teen Education, 53(12), 40-45.
Two to Seven Authors [List all authors]
Mamords, H. W., Baki, T. R., & Cox, M. E. (2000). Approaching Senior Year: A Process of adjustment to near professional life. The Teen Journal, 81, 453-484.
Eight or More Authors [List the first six authors, … and the last author]
Wallop, S. A., Bultig, S. G., Maya-maya, I. N., Ten, J.-Y., Bangkaw, D., Dila, L.,...Grinich, W. A. (2000). An evaluation of patient-controlled therapy patterned to Roy's Adaptation theory. Pulantubig Journal of Nursing, 68, 843-856.
Mathews, J., Markus, D., & San Juan, D. (2009, February 16). Generation X today. Newsmonth, 145(20), 58-59.
Newspaper Article with No Author and Discontinuous Pages
Light of the World. (2001, August 5). The Dumaguete Times, pp. A1, A4.
(Note: all succeding lines are indented.)
